Contemporary bone loss options: Rebuild,reinforce, and augment

Bone loss is commonly encountered during revision total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Small defects can be adequately managed with cement filling (with or without screws), modular prosthetic augments, and morselized allograft. For larger defects, cancellous impaction grafting and structural allografts have traditionally been utilized. More recently, highly porous tantalum cones and titanium sleeves have been designed to achieve axial and rotational stability in the metaphysis and subsequent biologic fixation. Sleeves are linked to one type of prosthesis, whereas cones are unlinked and can be used with any implant design. Multiple studies have demonstrated excellent survivorship and radiographic osseointegration at mid-term follow-up. This article provides a review of contemporary methods of bone loss management with a focus on highly porous metals and an emphasis on the authors’ preferred method for managing the severe bone loss in revision TKA.     

Mixed Reality Combined with Three‐Dimensional Printing Technology in Total Hip Arthroplasty: An Updated Review with a Preliminary Case Presentation

Three‐dimensional (3D) printing technology, virtual reality, and augmented reality technology have been used to help surgeons to complete complex total hip arthroplasty, while their respective shortcomings limit their further application. With the development of technology, mixed reality (MR) technology has been applied to improve the success rate of complicated hip arthroplasty because of its unique advantages. We presented a case of a 59‐year‐old man with an intertrochanteric fracture in the left femur, who had received a prior left hip fusion. After admission to our hospital, a left total hip arthroplasty was performed on the patient using a combination of MR technology and 3D printing technology. Before surgery, 3D reconstruction of a certain bony landmark exposed in the surgical area was first performed. Then a veneer part was designed according to the bony landmark and connected to a reference registration landmark outside the body through a connecting rod. After that, the series of parts were made into a holistic reference registration instrument using 3D printing technology, and the patient's data for bone and surrounding tissue, along with digital 3D information of the reference registration instrument, were imported into the head‐mounted display (HMD). During the operation, the disinfected reference registration instrument was installed on the selected bony landmark, and then the automatic real‐time registration was realized by HMD through recognizing the registration landmark on the reference registration instrument, whereby the patient's virtual bone and other anatomical structures were quickly and accurately superimposed on the real body of the patient. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to use MR combined with 3D printing technology in total hip arthroplasty.     

Modern theatre design and usage: do joint replacements need laminar flow?

Since the introduction of laminar flow to theatre systems by Charnley, it has become a necessity in arthroplasty surgery. His initial work in the 1960s and 70s created improvements in terms of reducing overall rates of periprosthetic joint replacement, but it has been hard to ascertain if this stems from the laminar flow itself or improvements in asepsis and the utilization of perioperative antibiotics. The aim of this paper is therefore to establish if laminar flow is still a necessary addition to modern theatre design, particularly in joint replacement surgery, irrespective of other surgical factors. A wide variety of studies were utilized to form an objective analysis of whether laminar flow is essential to asepsis in theatre design. It explores a number of smaller earlier studies and ends with two large trials which provide evidence that laminar flow may in fact have a deleterious effect on the potential for peri-prosthetic joint infection (PJI). The article discusses potential reasons for these findings and seeks to explain them in context of overall asepsis during joint replacement surgery.     

后外侧结构重建在新鲜股骨颈骨折人工股骨头置换术中的应用

目的探讨后外侧结构重建对后外侧入路人工股骨头置换术术后早期关节脱位的影响。方法选取2016年9月至2017年8月于我院行后外侧入路初次人工股骨头置换术的股骨颈骨折患者60例,根据术中是否修补关节囊及外旋肌群分为重建组(33例:舌形切开关节囊,术中将关节囊及外旋肌群原位缝合在大转子后方及臀中肌肌腱附着处)和对照组(27例:切除关节囊后,术中未进行外旋肌群修复重建)。比较两组的手术情况及术后近期关节功能情况。结果重建组的手术时间为(45.0±15.3) min,长于对照组的(35.0±12.4) min (P <0.05)。重建组术腔引流量为(200.0±80.0) m L,少于对照组的(420.0±120.6) m L (P <0.05)。重建组的早期脱位率为0.000%(0例),与对照组的7.407%(2例)比较无统计学差异(P>0.05)。重建组术后Harris评分为(92.0±3.4)分,高于对照组的(88.2±5.0)分(P <0.05)。结论在后外侧入路人工股骨头置换过程中行后外侧结构重建能够有效减少术腔引流量,提高髋关节Harris评分,对维持髋关节软组织平衡具有重要意义。     

直线吻合器在全喉切除术中的应用

目的探讨一次性直线型吻合器在喉癌手术中的应用效果。方法选取我科2019年10例全喉切除手术患者,采用随机分组方法,分为封闭法和半封闭法两组。总结比较所用手术时间、术中出血量、术后咽瘘感染的发生率。结果所有手术都顺利完成,会厌软骨残留1例,咽瘘1例。结论直线吻合器在全喉切除术中具有较好的临床应用价值。     

Patient Functional Status as an Indication for Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

BackgroundThe number of total hip arthroplasties performed per year is increasing for reasons not fully explained by a growing and aging population. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of patient functional status as an indication for surgery and determine if patients are undergoing surgery at a better functional status than in the past.MethodsA systematic review and meta-analysis of the MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases was performed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Functional status was assessed using the 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey’s Physical Component Summary score. Only primary procedures were included; revisions were excluded. Articles were screened by 2 independent reviewers with conflicts resolved with a third reviewer. Meta-regression analysis was performed to determine the effect of time, patient age, and gender. Subgroup analysis was performed to compare geographic regions.ResultsA total of 1504 articles were identified. Data from 172 groups representing 18,644 patients recruited from 1990 to 2013 and identified from 107 articles were included. The mean preoperative Physical Component Summary score was 31.2 (95% confidence interval 30.5-31.9) with a 95% prediction interval of 22.6-39.8. The variance across studies was statistically significant (P = .000) with 97.25% true variance. Year of enrollment, age, and the percentage of females were not found to have any significant effect. There were no differences between countries.ConclusionPatients are undergoing total hip arthroplasty at a similar preoperative physical functional status as in the past. Patient age, gender, and location do not influence the functional status at which patients are indicated for surgery.     

Polyethylene in knee arthroplasty: A review

Polyethylene (PE) has been used extensively in knee arthroplasty since the mid 20th century. Progress in material manufacturing and processing has led to newer polyethylenes over last few decades with different material properties. It has been established that PE wear in knee arthroplasty causes particle induced osteolysis which is the main reason for late failure and requires revision surgery. Although there are various causes of wear, the properties of PE have long been a matter of investigation as a contributory factor. The advent of newer highly cross linked PE has been shown to improve wear rates in hip arthroplasty but the benefits have not been shown to be of the same degree in knee arthroplasty. The laboratory and clinical studies so far are limited and slightly conflicting in their conclusions. The risks of using highly cross linked PE in knee arthroplasty include tibial post fracture, disruption of locking mechanism, liner fracture which can lead to increased wear and osteolysis. The current evidence suggests that highly cross linked polyethylenes should be used with caution and only considered in younger active patients. The results of a recently completed randomized trial to compare the conventional with high molecular weight PE in knee arthroplasty are awaited.     

Longer Operative Time Results in a Higher Rate of Subsequent Periprosthetic Joint Infection in Patients Undergoing Primary Joint Arthroplasty

Background

Whether prolonged operative time is an independent risk factor for subsequent surgical site infection (SSI) and periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) following total joint arthroplasty (TJA) remains a clinically significant and underexplored issue. The aim of this study is to investigate the association between operative time and the risk of subsequent SSI and PJI in patients undergoing primary TJA.